All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Genes Dev 18:926–936, Doi K, Yoshimura A, Iwata N (1998) RFLP mapping and QTL analysis of heading date and pollen sterility using backcross populations between Oryza sativa L. and Oryza glaberrima Steud. Lowcountry Digital History Initiative", "Rice History - Carolina Plantation Rice", "Rapid diversification of five Oryza AA genomes associated with rice adaptation", "Identification of a Rice stripe necrosis virus resistance locus and yield component QTLs using Oryza sativa × O. glaberrima introgression lines", Slightly outdated National Geographic article on Carolina Gold, Full list of rice varieties and cultivars, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oryza_glaberrima&oldid=1040337300, Articles with dead external links from April 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from July 2021, All articles needing additional references, Articles with disputed statements from August 2016, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 August 2021, at 00:13. In: Mondal TK, Henry RJ (eds) The wild Oryza genomes. 2015; Wang et al. Theor Appl Genet 132:1145–1158, Ndjiondjop M-N, Semagn K, Gouda AC, Kpeki SB, Dro Tia D, Sow M, Goungoulou A, Sie M, Perrier X, Ghesquiere A, Warburton ML (2017) Genetic variation and population structure of Oryza glaberrima and development of a mini-Core collection using DArTseq. 2015; Luo et al. 2008). Mol Biol Evol 24:875–888, Zuo J, Li J (2014) Molecular genetic dissection of quantitative trait loci regulating Rice grain size. Figure 2: The Surinamese Oryza glaberrima sample (TVA5634) that was propagated to sequence its genome. 1992). In: Caspari EW (ed) Adv Genet. Analysis of the genomes of these two species indicate that most of the polymorphic sites in their genomes are shared (Veltman et al. Crop Sci 15:217–221 cropsci1975.0011183X001500020023x, Katayama TC, Sumi A (1995) Studies on Agronomic Traits of African Rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud. Nat Genet 45:957–961, Johnson RR, Willmer CM, Moss DN (1975) Role of awns in photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration of barley Spikes1. 2017). Oryza glaberrima or African rice originated in West Africa. 2018). Found inside – Page 47The highly nutritious African rice ( Oryza glaberrima Steud . ) is currently under limited cultivation , yet the nutrient quality is superior to that of the ... However, a notable exception occurs in isolated communities of north-eastern South However, as already stated, a monophyletic clustering pattern does not necessarily support the single origin theory (Allaby et al. 2011). Article  2015). 2002 . However, none of the markers could discriminate between O. barthii and African rice further indicating their genetic close relatedness. Both of these later studies reported that the locus was under positive selection thus confirming its role in domestication. Domestication has had a huge impact on food and nutrition security as it involves changes in important traits affecting productivity, adaptability and diverse quality aspects. 2006. Mol Biol Evol 27:2487–2506, Schreiber M, Stein N, Mascher M (2018) Genomic approaches for studying crop evolution. 2007; Eyre-Walker et al. Neutral diversity does not confer any adaptive potential to a taxa or population. 2014), to a population differentiation showing up to 5 sub-populations (Ndjiondjop et al. Interestingly, GL4 whose ortholog in Asian rice is SH4, has pleiotropic effects on both seed size and seed shattering. PubMed  Both of these latest genomic studies argued that these genetic occurrences may be a product of a parallel evolutionary process and not a single event. 2017) but present in the majority of O. barthii individuals (Choi et al. Several orthologs of seed shattering genes in Asian rice have been found to control this trait In African rice. 1997; Ndjiondjop et al. 1998), with the African rice allele being dominant and confers early flowering (Doi and Yosimura 1998). Vaughan et al. Description Overveiw: Oryza glaberrima is an annual with erect stems up to 90-150 cm long. 1. Found inside – Page 299... 172, 174 dormancy of seeds, 132–133, 138–139 drying and chilling seeds, ... 40, 176, 177 African rice (Oryza glaberrima), 212 Asian rice (Oryza sativa), ... 2006; Tenaillon et al. 2010), suggesting a gap in understanding the complex regulatory network of this trait. Nature 490:497–497, Huang X, Qian Q, Liu Z, Sun H, He S, Luo D, Xia G, Chu C, Li J, Fu X (2009) Natural variation at the DEP1 locus enhances grain yield in rice. By analyzing whole genome re-sequencing data from 282 individuals of domesticated African rice Oryza glaberrima and its progenitor O. barthii, we hypothesize a non-centric (i.e. Africa has an indigenous rice, Oryza glaberrima, which may have been domesticated about 1500 B.C.E. Protabase - Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. 2011) and SNP genotyping (Ndjiondjop et al. Google Scholar, Chen E, Huang X, Tian Z, Wing RA, Han B (2019) The genomics of Oryza species provides insights into Rice domestication and Heterosis. PMC Flowering time in African rice has been found to be regulated by the Early heading date 1 (Ehd1) gene (Doi et al. 2012; Tan et al. 2014) have found signatures of human selection in key domestication genes. This study identified a C/T SNP in this gene as being responsible for the shift to smaller grains and loss of seed shattering. (2010) suggests that this trait may not have been preferred by farmers for selection during domestication. The domestication process was associated with a long decline in effective population size for both the domesticate and progenitor which could have possibly been due to a long period of pre-domestication management (Meyer et al. ): lost crop of the enslaved Africans discovered in Suriname1. Genet Resour Crop Evol 44:175–183, Meyer RS, Choi JY, Sanches M, Plessis A, Flowers JM, Amas J, Dorph K, Barretto A, Gross B, Fuller DQ, Bimpong IK, Ndjiondjop M-N, Hazzouri KM, Gregorio GB, Purugganan MD (2016) Domestication history and geographical adaptation inferred from a SNP map of African rice. Breed Sci 60:597–603, Zeng X, Guo Y, Xu Q, Mascher M, Guo G, Li S, Mao L, Liu Q, Xia Z, Zhou J, Yuan H, Tai S, Wang Y, Wei Z, Song L, Zha S, Li S, Tang Y, Bai L, Zhuang Z, He W, Zhao S, Fang X, Gao Q, Yin Y, Wang J, Yang H, Zhang J, Henry RJ, Stein N, Tashi N (2018) Origin and evolution of qingke barley in Tibet. Feral weedy rice populations (Wedger and Olsen 2018) are common and may also confound genetic studies particularly if not properly identified. Sci Rep 5:13957, Wambugu PW, Henry RJ (2018) Oryza barthii a. Chev. http://osodresie.wikispaces.com/Student%27s+thesis. 2015). They suggested that this was enough evidence to support the non-centric model. A selective sweep spanning both PROG 1 and the deletion in both cultivated species suggests that both were targets of human selection. Afrikaanse of zwarte rijst (Oryza glaberrima Steud.) PROG 7 gene of African rice seems identical to PROG 1 gene of Asian rice (Hu et al. Difficulties in conduction of purity analyses of tropical species are discussed with particular emphasis on the pasture species. Nat Ecol Evol 1:1693–1698, PubMed  2018b; Orjuela et al. Robert Henry. Most of the causal mutations associated with domestication have been SNPs though copy number variations and indels have recently been reported to also have genetic control of various domestication phenotypes (Lye and Purugganan 2019; Meyer and Purugganan 2013). Article  2013; Molina et al. Topic. The cultivated species are Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima. An excellent on-line database with detailed information on over 3,200 species of useful plants of Africa. 2018). 2018) and diverse types of genomic resources including genome reference sequences (Monat et al. The transition from a shattering to a non-shattering phenotype therefore constitutes a major domestication trait whose selection has been documented in various plant families and taxa (Di Vittori et al. Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée, pp 641–700, Purugganan MD (2014) An evolutionary genomic tale of two rice species. 2017). 2019). Box 30148, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya, M’bé Research Station, Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), 01 B.P. Introduction. Google Scholar, Huang X, Zhao Q, Han B (2015) Comparative population genomics reveals strong divergence and infrequent introgression between Asian and African Rice. This suggests that these two species have a shared ancestry. It has been described as the least diverse crop species ever documented (Nabholz et al. In this population genomic study, almost all the O. glaberrima accessions clustered with one of O. barthii genetic groups. Therefore, more research is needed on the different varieties of rice and other "lost crops" grown by these descendants of enslaved Africans who escaped from plantations in the 17th and 18th centuries and maintained much of their African cultural heritage in the deep rainforest. 2008; Fuller 2007; Meyer et al. (2019) reported the presence of ancestral variation and existence of multiple gene haplotypes in different sub-populations of African rice. Increased knowledge on parallel evolution has provided useful insights that will aid crop improvement by identifying the loci to target for the transfer of important traits between species. This gene is however absent in the genome of African rice (Choi et al. Oryza glaberrima ، المعروف باسم الأرز الأفريقي ، هو أحد نوعي الأرز المدجن . Wu et al. Analysis of population structure may provide information on whether the observed genetic structure is due to geographical based isolation or human mediated selection processes. 2013). Proc Natl Acad Sci 111:E4954–E4962, Zhao K, Tung C-W, Eizenga GC, Wright MH, Ali ML, Price AH, Norton GJ, Islam MR, Reynolds A, Mezey J, McClung AM, Bustamante CD, McCouch SR (2011) Genome-wide association mapping reveals a rich genetic architecture of complex traits in Oryza sativa. The genus is home to two independently domesticated rice species, O. sativa and O. glaberrima, whose domestication is believed to have taken place in Asia and Africa respectively. Pericarp colour in Asian rice is controlled by the Rc gene, with two key mutations having been identified namely a 14 bp deletion and a point mutation which results in alleles designated as rc and Rc-s respectively (Gross et al. Aroma chemistry of African Oryza glaberrima and Oryza sativa rice and their interspecific hybrids. Such analysis has revealed diverse weakness ranging from various forms of analytical artefacts, flawed assumptions to use of samples whose genetic integrity may have been compromised. There has been a debate on whether the two phylogenetically close cultivated Oryza species followed identical or different domestication trajectory. There appears to be an underlying difficulty in identifying the domestication centre and number of times the crop has been domesticated. Found inside – Page 444... 50 Oryza glaberrima 3 I, 325 Oryza sativa 16, 31, 126, 184, 325, 419, 432, 435 Oryza sativa, indica 31 Oryza sativa, japonica 31, 325 Oryzopsis spp. 1981;51:659–67. Nat Genet 48:1083, Meyer RS, Purugganan MD (2013) Evolution of crop species: genetics of domestication and diversification. Grain colour was a key target during the domestication of many cereal crops. There are more than 40,000 varieties of Asian rice (Oryza sativa) alone, though notably fewer varieties of African rice (Oryza glaberrima). Found inside – Page 370The African cultivated rice Oryza glaberrima Steud. possesses strong seed dormancy (16). The wild species of rice, in general, have strong dormancy ... If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Oryza sativa is generally cultivated in Asia, whereas O.glaberrima,anotherricespecies,isgenerallycultivated in parts of West Africa (Semon et al. 1997b) because O. glaberrima grown in upland fields Article  O. glaberrima and 10 O. barthii based on 21 microsatellites markers. It therefore appears like the analysis of the massive amount of genome scale data that is currently being generated and the interpretation thereof may now emerge as a significant challenge. African rice was independently domesticated ~3000 years ago in the Niger River Delta from its still extant progenitor, Oryza barthii.While lacking many of the agronomic and quality traits found in Asian rice, O. glaberrima is significant for its . Found inside – Page 2It is the seed of monocotyledonous plant Oryza sativa L. (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima Steud. (African rice). Worldwide, the most consumed members of ... statement and Google Scholar, Hu M, Lv S, Wu W, Fu Y, Liu F, Wang B, Li W, Gu P, Cai H, Sun C, Zhu Z (2018) The domestication of plant architecture in African rice. This gene has however been found to be missing from some genomes of African rice (Sanyal et al. eCollection 2019. van Andel TR, Meyer RS, Aflitos SA, Carney JA, Veltman MA, Copetti D, Flowers JM, Havinga RM, Maat H, Purugganan MD, Wing RA, Schranz ME. Studies on rice evolution and domestication are further complicated by inadequate and biased sampling of genetic resources (Vaughan et al. Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). It was first domesticated and grown in West Africa around 3,000 years ago. Found inside – Page 137It is the seed of these two cultivated species, descended from wild species, ... It is thought that both in Africa, where Oryza glaberrima was cultivated, ... Current Sci 89:955-963 Shakudo K (1966) General concept for crop breeding (in Japanese). 2010; Yano 2001; Zhao et al. CAS  These have in most cases resulted in altering the expression of domestication genes or led to loss-of-function (Meyer and Purugganan 2013; Wu et al. The population level molecular analysis conducted by Wang et al. Found inside – Page 792... 763, Plate 13 Rice, African red rice [Oryza glaberrima] 66,583, 586 Rice, African wild [Oryza barthii] 586 Rice, North American wild [Zizania palustris, ... Yıldırım et al. Theor Appl Genet 83:565–581, Wedger MJ, Olsen KM (2018) Evolving insights on weedy rice. Based on his theory, African rice domestication followed a protracted transition model as opposed to a rapid transition model (Allaby et al. 2017) who reported that analysis of nucleotide diversity patterns suggested that the coding region may have been a target of selection but not the promoter region. This has been domesticated around 2000-3000 years ago from its wild ancestor O.barthii by the inhabitants of the floodplains, near the bend of the Niger river 1.In general, it has pear-shaped red-bran grains with an olive-to-black seed coat, short-branched . RAE1 was found to be identical to An-1 which had been reported earlier as being responsible for regulating awn formation, grain size and grain number (Luo et al. However, there is need for further research in order to gather empirical evidence on the amount of functional and neutral genetic diversity in African rice and whether there exists any relationship between these two forms of genetic diversity. . In de literatuur wordt gesuggereerd dat Afrikaanse rijst nog steeds wordt gecultiveerd in de Guianas, maar het meest recente herbariumexemplaar stamt uit 1938. Terms and Conditions, Genetics and Genomics of African Rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud) Domestication. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production The variant alleles causing contradictions surrounding the fixation of mutations could be those ancestral haplotypes which could have persisted in some samples after domestication (Wu et al. About Oryza glaberrima. Africa. On the other hand, selective sweeps were not detected in some of the known domestication genes (Veltman et al. It is the most widely consumed staple food in large parts of the world such as Asia and Africa. Science 311:1936–1939, Li LF, Olsen KM (2016) Chapter three - to have and to hold: selection for seed and fruit retention during crop domestication. It was first domesticated and grown in West Africa around 3,000 years ago. This organ is thought to aid in seed dispersal and prevent predation by animals. Although many studies classify variation in flowering time as a domestication gene (Doebley et al. Oryza glaberrima, commonly known as African rice, is one of the two domesticated rice species. Rice is a grain. Compared to other domestication traits, pericarp colour remains less studied in African rice. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize, according to 2012 . Found inside – Page 200The Mende people of Sierra Leone include the distinctive red - hulled seeds of native African rice ( Oryza glaberrima ) in certain religious rituals . The plantlets were transferred into polyethylene bags filled with soil-cow dung-coconut husk mixture at a ratio of 3:1:1. Nature Plants 2:15207, Huang X, Li W, Guo Y, Lu Y, Zhou C, Fan D, Weng Q, Zhu C, Huang T, Zhang L, Wang Y, Kurata N, Feng L, Furuumi H, Kubo T, Miyabayashi T, Yuan X, Xu Q, Dong G, Zhan Q, Li C, Fujiyama A, Wei X, Toyoda A, Lu T, Feng Q, Qian Q, Li J, Han B, Wang Z-X, Wang A, Zhao Q, Zhao Y, Liu K, Lu H (2012) A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice. PubMed  (2019) who analyzed whole genome sequence data for about 280 samples of African rice and O. barthii, including those studied by Wang et al., (2014). 1997; Win et al. Sarla N, Mallikarjuna Swamy BP (2005) Oryza glaberrima: a source for the improvement of Oryza sativa. Found insideWisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants Jane Goodall ... “originated in the Niger Delta” Tinde Van Andel, “African Rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.): ... Science 312:1392–1396, Li C, Zhou A, Sang T (2006) Rice domestication by reducing shattering. Publication. 2018). 2002 Dec 10;99(25):16360-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.252604599. Article  There appears to be an underlying difficulty in identifying the domestication centre and . In the first scenario, the two species acquired the same phenotypes through selection of a common set of genes but in most cases the underlying mutations are independent. Clearly, the on-going advances in genomics have led to significant progress in the identification of mutations underlying various domestication phenotypes. Found inside – Page 313Food plants in the Gramineae, a family with fructan-containing plants ... Tribe: Oryzeae Oryza glaberrima African rice seed Oryza sativa rice Seed Zizania ... Ongepelde rijstkorrels worden in kleine hoeveelheden verkocht voor voorouderrituelen, zowel op de markt in Paramaribo als in Surinaamse winkels in Nederland. Google Scholar, Doebley JF, Gaut BS, Smith BD (2006) The molecular genetics of crop domestication. Moreover, even in cases of centric origin, post-domestication geographic based adaptation can lead to a polyphyletic clustering pattern. As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia. In: Mondal TK, Henry RJ (eds) The wild Oryza genomes. (2018) identified a 110 kb and 113 kb deletion next to the PROG1 gene in Asian rice and PROG1 deletion genomic region in African rice respectively which is also involved in regulating plant architecture. Farmers have reported mixing the two types of rice in order to end up with a rice meal that provides greater satiety. 2011; Sakai et al. 2012). Figure 7: Oryza glaberrima seeds with husks (A & B), Oryza glaberrima seeds in CaCl2 soultion (C) Figure 8: Set up of planted Oryza glamberrima Figure 9: Represntation of mutiple tillers (A), exmple of tissue sample (B) A B C A B Figure 5: Quantitative attrition of successful growth from seeds Figure 1: Origins of O. sativa and O. glaberrima Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. 2019; Veltman et al. Despite a general consensus on some issues associated with the domestication of African rice, there appears to be an underlying complexity and uncertainty in identifying the exact domestication centre. Of particular interest are those advances that have been driven by various technological innovations in genomics particularly in genome sequencing which have been witnessed over the last decade. Browse pictures and read growth / cultivation information about Oryza Species, African Rice (Oryza glaberrima) supplied by member gardeners in the PlantFiles database at Dave's Garden. In Oryza species, numerous loci for hybrid sterility that fit in the "single locus sporo- Ann Bot 100:951–957, Takeda S, Matsuoka M (2008) Genetic approaches to crop improvement: responding to environmental and population changes. Ann Bot 100:903–924, Fuller DQ, Allaby RG (2009) Seed dispersal and crop domestication: shattering, germination and seasonality in evolution under cultivation.
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