So fast was his retreat on this occasion that he was three leagues away before his troops realised he had abandoned them. He is the author of King John: An Underrated King (Anthem Press, 2012). In this context, to argue that John was anything other than ‘Bad’ seems inappropriate and somewhat unbelievable. Medieval monarchs were expected to be fierce, and John fulfilled those expectations. His marriage to Isabella of Angouleme when she was unlikely to have been more than 15 and quite possibly as young as nine has prompted a flood of accusations that John was a 13th-century Humbert Humbert. The Magna Carta of 1215 is not the Magna Carta of popular imagination. If John is guilty of cruelty, then what of Richard I in 1191 when, following a dispute about the terms upon which Acre had been surrendered, he ordered the killing of 2,700 Muslim prisoners? Dan Jones is the author of Magna Carta: The Making and Legacy of the Great Charter , published by Head of Zeus and available to buy from Amazon and all good book shops. And men who came across him, When walking in the town, Gave him a supercilious stare, Or passed with noses in the air – And bad King John stood dumbly there, Blushing beneath his crown. Yet even here the overall assessment of the king is damning. Indeed, King Stephen was seen as weak for refusing to hang the son of Marshal when the latter broke the terms of an agreement with the king. Popular representations of events at Runnymede in June 1215 would also have us believe that leading rebel barons such as Eustace de Vesci and Robert Fitzwalter were revered freedom fighters. There seems to be a problem, please try again. King John then was definitely, as the old history books would put it, not just a bad king but a very bad king. Thus, we see him, for example, razing the walls and castle of Le Mans in 1200, assaulting the forces besieging Mirebeau in 1202 (having covered a distance of 80 miles in 48 hours), marching upon Montauban in 1206 and pressing the siege of Rochester castle in 1215 – an event that the leading authority of castles and castle warfare in this period considers was “the greatest operation in England up to that time” (RA Brown). Some people believed the signing of the great charter was a good thing but freemen and barons still disliked John.John was not a complete bad King, he had some good points as well. Cruelty and cowardice were two of John’s most notable faults, but he had plenty of others besides. Indeed, so extreme was this impact that it is not beyond sensible contemplation that the ambition of the rebel barons was not to obtain a lasting peace, but instead absolutely to provoke John to break the newly agreed terms so that they could seize his largesse. Basically he was "a crap King " ! When the French finally invaded England in the spring of 1216, John watched them disembark on the beaches of Kent, briefly considered fighting them, then rode off in the opposite direction. His father, Henry II of England, had inherited significant territories along the Atlantic seaboard – Anjou, Normandy and England – and expanded his empire by conquering Brittany. For most of his life, John remained loyal to his father when all his brothers … King John - Good or Bad? King John was not a good man --He had his little ways. In an age when personal bravery mattered, John repeatedly showed his back to the enemy. King John was the reigning king from 1189-1199. In a war with the French king Philip II, he lost Normandy and almost all his other possessions in France.In England, after a revolt of the barons, he was forced to seal the Magna Carta (1215). Whether by summoning great councils or later parliaments, successful medieval rulers took steps to consult their more important subjects, noting their views, winning them round and channelling their ambitions. King John was the reigning king from 1189-1199. Sadly, John rarely managed to meet them…. Yet when their friends and families in Anjou and Brittany continued to fight against him, John rounded up 22 of these knightly captives and sent them to Corfe Castle in Dorset, where they were starved to death. Bertran de Born, the troubadour poet mentioned above, was a member of the lay aristocracy of southern France. John’s alleged lasciviousness and acts of cruelty have been presented as further character traits that antagonised the barons and thus prevented him from delivering strong kingship. For the large part it seems that, 800 years later, opinion has broadly backed Matthew Paris, the 13th-century chronicler who alleged that John’s greatest achievement was, by dying, to make yet more foul the existing foulness of Hell: John was not only Bad; he was diabolical. Another author, known as the Anonymous of Béthune, is also likely to have been a layman, since his chronicle dwells upon the concerns of a lay audience, and was written for an aristocratic patron, Robert of Béthune. The real test for a military commander comes when the odds are less than certain. Yet hostage taking was part-and-parcel of medieval government, and as such it follows that they sometimes paid the ultimate price. After his death in 1307 Edward I was praised for the quality of his justice, and in his own letters the same king can be seen exhorting his officials to act justly. At Rochester in 1215 he famously forced the surrender of the mighty castle by undermining and partially collapsing its great tower. Good kings took this responsibility very seriously. HistoryExtra article – Why ‘Bad King John’ was actually good. He fell out with the Pope,leading to his excommunication,and churches in England and Wales unable to hold church services,the Pope "gave " England to France ,and when the French landed to collect "their " Kingdom,John surrended his kingdom … Pupils then use cards to identify evidence that John was good and bad. John, John, bad King John Shamed the throne that he sat on; Not a scruple, not a straw, Cared this monarch for the law; Promises he daily broke; None could trust a word he spoke; So the Barons brought a Deed; Down to rushy Runnymede, Magna Carta was it hight, Charter of the People’s Right, Framed and fashioned to correct Those who waited on medieval monarchs did so in the hope of reward, so generous rulers were invariably praised. You're now subscribed to our newsletter. Similarly, it is not proven that John starved Matilda de Braose and her son to death in Corfe Castle, but if he did so it was because of her refusal to offer her sons as hostages in order to trim the rebellious behaviour of their father. You can unsubscribe at any time. Indeed, William the Conqueror’s loyalty to his wife, Matilda, was the subject of perplexed comment. His cruelty was almost unheard of. Played as a sulky, useless, entitled millennial by Oscar Isaacs in Ridley Scott’s pretentious snoozefest Robin Hood. Graham Seel is head of history at St Paul’s School in London. Click here to listen to our King John podcast, Save a huge 50% off a subscription to your favourite history magazine. The Sins of the Sons. Discuss with reference to other Angevin kings. King John was born in 1167 and died in 1216. It does not require any particular military genius, however, to carry out a siege, only superior resources in manpower and artillery. One might have hoped that the 800th anniversary of the sealing of Magna Carta would have provided at least some oxygen to the argument that ‘Bad King John’ was perhaps not too ‘Bad’ after all; and – whisper it – that in some ways this traditionally most maligned of monarchs was perhaps really rather Good. I think that John must have been a bad king. The official website for BBC History Magazine, BBC History Revealed and BBC World Histories Magazine, Save 50% on a BBC History Magazine or BBC History Revealed subscription, Was 'Bad King John', as he has been famously nicknamed, really as 'bad' as history has made him out to be? Others argued that John had acted with justification, noting that Arthur was taken while in armed rebellion against his uncle. However, the Magna Carta that John chose to ignore did not purport to be a constitutional document adumbrating and guaranteeing liberties to all English people. Instead, John prosecuted siege warfare with the sort of energy, determination and success that is usually only spoken of in reference to Henry II and Richard I. For most of his reign John was at war with the king of France, Philip Augustus, and he did not hesitate to invade Scotland, Wales and Ireland when he felt that the rulers of those lands had crossed him. Robin Hood is an animated film produced by the Walt Disney Studios, first released in the United States on November 8, 1973. Medieval kings were expected to be pious, and they could demonstrate this in a variety of ways — by distributing alms to the poor, for example, or building a new church. “He kept his prisoners in such a horrible manner, and in such abject confinement,” wrote the author of the 13th-century History of William Marshal, “that it seemed an indignity and a disgrace to all those with him who witnessed such cruelty.”. “No man may ever trust him,” sang the troubadour Bertran de Born, “for his heart is soft and cowardly.”. Clergymen and laymen alike were united in their detestation of John. Dysentery was his one and only enemy! GOOD KING JOHN: He was a good King because he was good when it came to battle! On the other hand some people have pointed to the many probems that he faced and claim that he was quite good at coping with these. Yet marriage at an early age was commonplace at the time – a survey of the marriage arrangements of John’s contemporaries leads to the conclusion that the Angevin king had an eye for an older women! John repeatedly broke this taboo. Plenty of laymen put pen to parchment during the Middle Ages, and John’s reign is no exception. Small wonder that when he died in 1216, some chroniclers imagined him suffering the torments of hell. He was considered a weak king who was managed by others like the barons and the Pope. I mean, come on, he’s “Bad” King John, right? Those who go in search of the real John therefore tend to suppose that he must have been unfairly maligned, and suspect that in reality he was not nearly as bad as legend maintains. This apparently incontestable evidence shows John to have been possessed of vigour and vim, constantly on the move enforcing Angevin aspirations. John was also an effective strategist. But the assertion that all medieval chroniclers were churchmen is a fallacy. The Barnwell annalist, Walter Of Coventry, concluded that John “was indeed a great prince but less than successful [and that]…he met with both kinds of luck”. The Magna Carta of 1215 (it is important to realise that there were many reissues of Magna Carta after the reign of John, each different to the one presented to John) is better understood as a set of flawed peace terms designed to heal the incipient civil war between John and an element of rebellious barons. This clearly shocked every other noble family in England, but did not deter the king from threatening to mete out similar treatment to others: in 1215 and 1216 he induced some of the Magna Carta rebels to surrender by threatening to starve their captive companions. Nor was King Harold, but he at least engaged his enemies when they landed on the shores of England and went down fighting alongside his men. John was certainly unlucky in that his reign coincided with probably the two most accomplished leaders of the Middle Ages – Philip Augustus and Pope Innocent III (r1198–1216) – and he was certainly unlucky in that the Angevin ‘empire’ he had inherited in 1199 was increasingly ungovernable and assaulted by fissiparous tendencies. And men who came across him, When walking in the town, Gave him a supercilious stare, Or passed with noses in the air --And bad King John stood dumbly there, Blushing beneath his crown. King John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was the son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.He was King of England from 6 April 1199, until his death. Another of John’s major failings was cowardice. Using youtube clip, pupils then decide whether the Disney film portrays John as good or bad. Yet, says historian Marc Morris, when it came to lechery, treachery and shocking acts of cruelty, the king who sealed Magna Carta more than 800 years ago was in a league of his own... For most people (and here I include myself) mention of the name ‘King John’ conjures up images of the character from the tales of Robin Hood – a pantomime villain, rolling his eyes and gnashing his teeth. And sometimes no one spoke to him For days and days and days. KING JOHN IS NO MORE! Some kings were extremely pious in their own devotions, such as the French king Louis IX. Most kings were capable of behaving badly from time to time. John's reign has been viewed in very different ways by historians. He was a good King because he was very hardworking! Some claim that he was a very poor king who made many mistakes and left the country very weak. John did indeed overturn Magna Carta, but arguably any medieval monarch would have done the same. What of John’s father, Henry II who, having taken 22 hostages from the Welsh in 1165, ordered that the males among them – some of them sons of princes – be blinded and castrated, and that the females should have their noses and ears cut off? Moreover, even though chronicle sources allege that the whole of the baronage was united against John, this was clearly not the case – not least because there would have been no possibility of civil war if there had not been two sides, each with the wherewithal to resist the other. What of Henry V, who during the battle of Agincourt in 1415 ordered the killing of several thousand French prisoners? What was true of the Wars of the Roses, however, was not true of the 12th and 13th centuries, when stricter rules about combat and treatment of prisoners held sway. You're now subscribed to our newsletter. By entering your details, you are agreeing to HistoryExtra terms and conditions and privacy policy. An extract from ‘A history of England’ written by C.R.L Fletcher and Rudyard Kipling in 1911 quotes that “John began a quarrel with the English church and the pope. So successful was this rehabilitation that, in the popular imagination, John is now often seen as being the victim of a posthumous smear campaign, a king no worse than most others – misreported and misunderstood. In the 20th century, some historians put forward a case for King John’s defence, arguing that his badness was largely a later invention, and that his misfortunes as a ruler were mostly down to ill luck. At the same time, most people are aware that these tales are legendary, and, in their earliest versions, make no mention of John at all. King John - Good or Bad? When John’s son Henry III cut back on such expenditure to save up for his crusade, he was criticised for departing from the example of his father. You can unsubscribe at any time. Bad kings like John were always accused of taking ‘evil counsel’, which meant relying on a clique of advisors. Bad/Good/Important? In 1210 he committed one of the most notorious acts of his reign by starving to death the wife and son of his former friend, William de Briouze. My main reason for saying this is that it seems that his subjects never really supported him. The reality is that John was not as bad as legend made out – he was worse. Whenever he could he told lies rather than the truth… He was brim-full of evil qualities.”. You will shortly receive a receipt for your purchase via email. John was presented with this kind of situation several times, and each time his decision was the same. We should not mistake John’s military caution for cowardice. John certainly persecuted the church with a particular fury after his row with the pope over the appointment of a new archbishop of Canterbury. Marc Morris is a historian and broadcaster whose books include King John: Treachery, Tyranny and the Road to Magna Carta (Windmill Books, 2016) and A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain (Windmill, 2009), The highest standards of conduct were expected of Plantagenet rulers. King John is often referred to as a bad king these days and there is a lot of evidence both modern and written by sources in King John’s time. Here, writing for History Extra, author Graham E Seel considers John's governance, and asks whether it is time to change our opinions of him June 17, 2018 at 8:00 am Please enter your number below. They also complained that he forced himself on the wives and daughters of his barons. King John was very unlucky, he says, but he also made his own bad luck. Famously, he arranged the ‘disappearance’ of his nephew and rival, Arthur of Brittany, who contested the king’s claim to his inheritance until John captured him in 1202. John was born on 24 December 1166. Thank you for subscribing to HistoryExtra, you now have unlimited access. John, byname John Lackland, French Jean sans Terre, (born c. 1166—died October 18/19, 1216, Newark, Nottinghamshire, England), king of England from 1199 to 1216. You have successfully linked your account! Indeed, by the spring of 1215, it has been estimated that of England’s 197 baronies only 39 were in active opposition to the king, with perhaps the same number acting in his support. King John is often referred to as a bad king these days and there is a lot of evidence both modern and written by sources in King John’s time, to give reason for that name. This article was first published in the June 2015 issue of BBC History Magazine, Save a huge 50% off a subscription to your favourite history magazine. During his reign he had victories against the Welsh and the Scots. The author of The History of William Marshal was also a layman, and repeatedly blames the disasters of John’s reign on the king’s own personality. Modern attempts to rehabilitate him require us to ignore this chorus of disapproval from his contemporaries as well as his own nefarious acts. Somewhere near here in 1216, ‘Bad King John’ – a monarch so incompetent and evil that his name is still preserved in folklore, films and nursery rhymes – was running from his enemies. “He was a very bad man,” says the Anonymous, “more cruel than all others. Historians quite rightly set out to challenge legends and dispel myths, but in this case the myth is a modern one. Maintaining yourself in government involves a simple trick – make sure more people want you to remain in power than want you out. Even John’s much-criticised twin-pronged invasion of France in 1214 (which culminated in the disastrous battle of Bouvines on 27 July 1214) achieved its basic aim of dividing the Capetian forces. He taxed the country far too much and despised many of his own people, especially the barons. He has recently released ‘King John’, an app version of the book available on iPad. King John is famously linked with the Barons War and the subsequent signing of Magna Carta. To begin with, John was exceptionally cruel. King John's Christmas. John's powerful mother Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine, had a tenuous claim to Toulouse and Auvergne in southern France, and was the former wife of Louis VII of France. There seems to be a problem, please try again. This, he claims, is partly evidenced by the fact that the government sponsored the Magna Carta 800th anniversary website, which currently asserts that Magna Carta “is the foundation stone supporting the freedoms enjoyed today by hundreds of millions of people in more than 100 countries”. The official website for BBC History Magazine, BBC History Revealed and BBC World Histories Magazine, Save 50% on a BBC History Magazine or BBC History Revealed subscription. Magna Carta, we are told, stands for the rule of law. Bad King John? You will shortly receive a receipt for your purchase via email. “In his inner soul John was the worst outcome of the Angevins. Nobles were killed in great numbers in Anglo-Saxon England and again in the later Middle Ages, but between 1076 and 1306 not one English earl was executed. King John gets a bad rap. Bad he was, and bad should John remain. If you subscribe to BBC History Magazine Print or Digital Editions then you can unlock 10 years’ worth of archived history material fully searchable by Topic, Location, Period and Person. John was very active in hearing court cases, but his motivation was the money he could raise by imposing punitive fines. Lusting after the wives and daughters of those men he relied upon to deliver the royal command was no doubt a problem in a world where private relationships were the stuff of high politics. He returned to the continent in 1206 and 1214 to try to regain lost ground, but on each occasion withdrew rapidly when told that his enemies were approaching. Medieval kings were expected to be able to protect and defend their subjects from attack and to lead from the front. Here’s why…. When the king of France invaded Normandy in 1203, John failed to confront him and fled to England, an act of desertion that led directly to the duchy’s loss. Please enter your number below. Among academics this interpretation has not fared nearly so well, for the simple reason that it requires certain fundamental facts about his reign to be downplayed or ignored completely. Anyone who has read their Shakespeare knows that medieval kings and nobles were forever murdering and maiming each other, either on the field of battle or more discreetly in darkened castle chambers. And sometimes no one spoke to him For days and days and days. In order to try and bind John to their terms, the barons insisted that John accept a committee of 25 of their number empowered to police and enforce Magna Carta by seizing John’s castles and assets when he was judged – by them, and against criteria put forth by them  – to have transgressed. John is often viewed as having been a cruel King and this is supported with evidence from a recent history book which says “John was a thoroughly bad lot. In fact, he would have been quite good as a King if it weren’t for his poor skills in the battlefield. 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